East & South Asia & the Pacific Subglobal Report

Coordinating Lead Authors:
Dale Wen Jiajun (China/USA), Dev Nathan (India)

Lead Authors:
Lim Li Ching (Malaysia), Sukhpal Singh (India) Contributing

Author:
Marcia Ishii-Eiteman (USA) Review Editors: Pascal Bergeret (France), Hira Jhamtani (Indonesia)

Review Editors:
Pascal Bergeret (France), Hira Jhamtani (Indonesia)

Key Messages

3.1	Context 65
	3.1.1	Free trade agreements in ESAP 66
	3.1.2	Major players: their roles and interactions 66
	3.1.3	National policy trends 68
	3.1.4	Trends in private and public institutional roles 68
	3.1.5	Trade and food security 69
3.2	Developing Countries' Issues in Trade Agreements 70
	3.2.1	Subsidies and market access 70
	3.2.2	Agreement on agriculture and fiscal support 72
	3.2.3	Tariff escalation 72
	3.2.4	Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures and AKST 73
	3.2.5	Anti-dumping measures and AKST 75
	3.2.6	Options 78
	3.2.7	Commodity prices 78
3.3	Trade Agreements, Intellectual Property Rights and AKST 82
	3.3.1	The TRIPS agreement and other IPR regimes 82
	3.3.2	Farmers' access to AKST vs. breeders' rights 85

	3.3.3	Public and private sector research and development 87
	3.3.4	Technology dissemination and transfer 88
	3.3.5	Indigenous, traditional and institutional knowledge 89
	3.3.6	National and regional responses, impact on developing countries 90
	3.3.7	Ways forward 91
3.4	Trade and Technology Options 92
	3.4.1	Composition of output and relationship to technology development 92
	3.4.2	Pesticides 92
	3.4.3	Technology choice for sustainable agriculture: integrated pest management 94
	3.4.4	Genetic engineering 95
	3.4.5	Technology choice for sustainable agriculture: a pro-peasant research agenda 96
	3.4.6	Fisheries and aquaculture 97
	3.4.7	Forestry 99
	3.4.8	Organic agriculture and fair trade 100
	3.4.9	Livestock 101
3.5	Environmental, Health and Social Dimensions in Trade Agreements 102
	3.5.1	Trade, environment and sustainable development 102
	3.5.2	Trade at any cost? 103
	3.5.3	Standards for environmental, health and social dimensions 103
	3.5.4	Pollution havens 104
	3.5.5	Technology choices 105
3.6	Climate Change and Trade 105
	3.6.1	Asia in the global climate change equation 105
	3.6.2	International trade instruments for environmental objectives 105
	3.6.3	Carbon markets 106
	3.6.4	"Avoided deforestation" in carbon trades 106
	3.6.5	Market for biofuels 107
	3.6.6	Options 107

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Influence of Trade Regimes and Agreements on AKST